Combination of natural products with chemodrugs is becoming a trend in discovering new therapeutics approach for enhancing the cancer treatment process. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptosis induction of Gelam honey (GH) combined with or without 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) on HT-29 cells. The cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay to assess cytotoxicity. Morphological changes and apoptosis were determined by the inverted microscope, Annexin V-FITC, and DNA fragmentation via flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Our results demonstrate that combined treatment revealed a remarkable and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on HT-29 cells in comparison with GH and 5-FU alone. Flow cytometry analysis showed that early apoptosis event was more pronounced in combined treatment. In addition, compared to 5-FU alone, apoptosis of HT-29 cells treated with combinations of GH and 5-FU demonstrated increasing percentages of fragmented DNA. Our results suggest that GH has a synergistic cytotoxic effect with 5-FU in HT-29 cell lines
体外。尽管分子机制的作用尚不清楚,但结果表明,GH和5-FU的组合可能具有治疗剂的潜力。
苏丹Zainal Abidin大学
马来西亚大学
Universiti Islam Malaysia1.简介
Since antiquity, honey has been consumed as a daily nutritional supplement. Its major constituent is carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Honey bees collect pollen from flowers and later convert them into honey via regurgitations and evaporations. There are several varieties of honey in Malaysia, such as Honey, Tualang Honey, and Pineapple Honey. All of these are differentiated based on their dominant quantity of pollen, which can be identified by pollen analysis as the pollen is species-specific [
1]。蜂蜜在科学上被证明具有多种药用特性,例如抗菌药物[
2,,,,
3],抗氧化剂[
4], 消炎(药 [
5],抗肿瘤[
6这是给予的,,,,和wound healing abilities [
7]。蜂蜜内的酚类化合物,例如食道酸,氯化酸,咖啡酸,p-豆酸,阿魏酸,埃拉吉酸,槲皮素,硫代蛋白,硫代素和菊花是抗炎和抗肿瘤效应的主要因素。
6,,,,
8]。
在结直肠癌的初始治疗过程中,通常使用一种称为5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)的化学治疗药物。它的主要机制涉及通过将氟核苷酸的不均能分解为序列的DNA和RNA的正常功能的破坏,除了抑制胸苷酸合酶的功能[
9]。However, 5-FU has been reported to be of low availability within the cells due to its degradation in the liver by the enzyme dipyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). Thus, a large dose is required during treatment [
10]。除了对人体非常毒性外,该药物的较高剂量还会对患者产生严重的副作用。过去的研究发现,将药物与蜂蜜等天然物质结合起来可以增强其对癌细胞的影响并最大程度地减少其毒性[
11]。与单独使用5-FU治疗不同,GH与5-FU结合使用与5-FU的使用可显着降低HCT-116细胞的生长[
12]。此外,就caspase-9表达的上调[
13]。
In this study, Gelam honey, 5-Fluorouracil, and their combination were used to determine the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on HT-29 cells. Observations were made in terms of changes in the membrane integrity, fragmentation of DNA, and early events of apoptosis. These are useful for the creation of new strategies for the future treatment of colorectal cancer.
人类结直肠腺癌HT-29细胞是从美国组织培养物收集(美国弗吉尼亚州Manassas)获得的。这些细胞在RPMI-1640培养基(美国圣路易斯Sigma)中生长,补充了10%的胎牛血清(美国Gibco,美国)和抗生素(即100.0单位/ml青霉素和100.0
μG/ML链霉素)(奥地利PAA)。它们在37°C的孵化器中与5%CO保持2和a humidified environment. The HT-29 cells were subcultured every 2 to 3 days in a semiconfluent condition in which they were treated with a trypsin-like enzyme and phenol red (GIBCO, USA) for 5 minutes. The cells were then resuspended in the medium with serum before being transferred into 2 or 3 new flasks. Samples with cell viability of 95% and above were selected for use throughout this study.
2.3。MTT细胞毒性测定法
如Ali等人所述,MTT分析是在96孔板中进行的。[[
14]。100.0
μL of complete growth medium was placed into 96 flat-bottom microtiter plate (Nunclon, USA). This was followed by the addition of 100.0
μL的HT-29细胞以1-2×10的浓度5使用前已将24小时接种的细胞/mL。将RPMI-1640培养基中的蜂蜜样品(400 mg/mL)一式三份和连续稀释的孔中等分为井中。未处理的细胞用作对照。将板在CO中孵育72小时237°C的孵化器。孵育后,20.0
μL of MTT solution (5.0 mg/mL) was added to each well and further incubated for 4 h. The culture medium was then removed from the wells and 100.0
μl添加到每个孔中的二甲基硫氧化物(DMSO),以溶解所得的甲唑[
15]。The optical densities (OD) of the wells were analysed at 570 nm using a plate reader (BIOTEK, USA), with a reference at 630 nm. A dose-response curve of cell viability versus sample concentration was subsequently plotted.
2.4。尖锐的橙色和碘化丙啶染色(AO/PI)分析
HT-29细胞用GH,5-FU处理,并组合为24、48和72 h。孵育24小时后,将细胞收获成离心管中,并以300×g的含量向下颗粒10分钟。如上所述,通过离心通过离心洗涤细胞颗粒。然后将颗粒悬挂在50.0中
μl acridine橙色(10.0
μg/ml)和50.0
μL of propidium iodide (10.0
μg/mL) for 5 min. A volume of 10.0
μL of stained cells was pipetted onto a glass slide and covered with a cover slip. The viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells were scored in populations of more than 100 cells using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Nikon TE2000-U, Nikon, Japan), as described by Ali et al. [
16这是给予的
2。5。Phosphatidylserine Externalisation Analysis by Flow Cytometry
凋亡检测试剂盒(BD膜联蛋白V-FITC)用于流式细胞仪分析。该试剂盒包含与荧光染料FITC,碘化丙啶和结合缓冲液结合的膜联蛋白V。HT-29细胞(2×105用GH,5-FU处理细胞/mL),在6孔中的两种孔组合3、6和12 h。治疗完成后,将细胞收获成5毫升管,并在秋千转子中以300×g离心10分钟。用PBS将细胞颗粒洗涤两次,之后100
μl of binding buffer was added to the tubes. A volume of 5
μl of Annexin V FITC and 5
μl of PI were added to the tubes as a staining solution. The mixture was then incubated in the dark for 15 minutes. This was followed by addition of 400
μl结合缓冲液与每个管子的结合缓冲液。使用细胞流式细胞仪(美国贝克曼·库尔特)在分析之前将管子轻轻涡旋。大约10,000个事件被相应地分为可行的,早期凋亡,晚期凋亡和坏死细胞[
17,,,,
18]。
2.6。DNA碎片分析通过末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶Dutp nick-end标记(TUNEL)
根据制造商的协议(美国Becton Dickinson,美国),使用Apodirect™套件进行TUNEL分析。浓度为1×10的细胞6将细胞/mL固定在1%(w/v)用PBS(pH 7.4)的1%(w/v)多聚甲醛中固定在冰上60分钟。然后通过300×g离心5分钟,然后用5 mL PBS洗涤两次。然后将细胞重悬于70%(v/v)冰冷的乙醇中,并在-20°C下储存1周。孵育后,除去乙醇并使用洗涤缓冲液洗涤两次细胞。然后将细胞通过在50中孵育进行最终标记。
μL的DNA标记溶液(含有TDT酶和FITC DUTP溶解在反应缓冲液中)的L 60分钟。孵育后,在用0.5 mL Pi/RNase染色缓冲液染色之前,将细胞在1 mL的冲洗缓冲液中洗涤两次。在黑暗的环境中进行了30分钟的染色过程。之后,然后使用Cytexpert软件在Cytoflex(美国贝克曼·库尔特)中分析细胞。
Gelam honey was examined for its cytotoxicity towards HT-29 cells using a MTT assay. The optical density of the resulting formazan blue was determined, which reflected the normal function of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in viable cells [
15]。根据其各自的浓度确定了72小时治疗后GH,5-FU及其组合的毒性程度50)。Gelam honey reduced the number of viable HT-29 cells at a CD5036.2 mg/ml。同时,CD505-FU是15.5
μg/ml (Figure
1)。从结果,CD25和CD755-FU为6.25
μg/ml和227.4
μg/ml。CD的组合50具有三种不同浓度的GH浓度(CD25,CD50,,,,和CD75)5-FU减少了CD50of GH to 30.4 mg/ml, 13.2 mg/ml, and 2.4 mg/ml, respectively (Figure
2)。The cytotoxicities of GH and 5-FU were also tested on a normal colon cell line, CCD-18Co. The CD50CCD-18CO细胞中GH的值为89.8 mg/ml。同时CD50of 5-FU in CCD-18Co cells was 203.1
μg/ml (Figure
3)。因此,36.2 mg/ml GH和15.5的组合
μ选择G/mL 5-FU,因为两个值都低于CD50正常结肠细胞中GH和5-FU的值。计算该组合指数以确定GH和5-FU组合的协同活性[
19]。获得的组合指数(CI)分析值小于1,表明GH和5-FU之间存在协同作用。CD50values of GH, 5-FU, and their combination (all at CD50在本研究的后续测定中使用浓度)。
Morphological assessments of the cells (using acridine orange and propidium iodide) were conducted to determine the modes of death of the treated HT-29 cells at CD50doses. As shown in Figure
4,,,,the number of apoptotic cells increased significantly after treatment with GH from 20.67% at 24 h to 34.67% at 48 h and 41.03% at 72 h. Similarly, in the positive control (5-FU-treated cells), the corresponding values were 7.67% at 24 h, 22.02% at 48h, and 23.01% at 72 h. The highest percentages of apoptotic cells were recorded for the combined treatment of GH + 5-FU, with values of 25.33% at 24 h, 33.05% at 48 h, and 46.67% at 72 h. A low percentage of necrotic cells was detected in the treatment groups, which did not differ significantly from the untreated group.
Over the past few years, cancer chemoprevention and therapy using traditional medicines have garnered a great deal of research attention globally. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptosis induction of Gelam honey (GH) combined with or without 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) on HT-29 cell were investigated. The cytotoxic result revealed that GH exhibited the ability to reduce the viability of HT-29 cells, and in combined treatment the cytotoxic dose reduced compared with GH and 5-FU alone in time and dose dependent manner. The results also indicated synergistic effect of GH and chemoagent 5-FU in altering growth of HT-29 cells, which was quantitatively analysed according to Chou-Talalay method [
19]。先前的研究表明,GH具有很高的总酚类化合物,这与其生物活性显着相关[
20]。还发现蜂蜜中的酚类化合物直接导致结肠癌细胞的生存能力降低[
21]。在正常结肠细胞中看不到类似的作用,这表明GH活性是细胞依赖性的,因此有可能用作5-FU组合的结肠癌治疗的替代方法。5-FU是一种众所周知的药物,广泛用于结肠化疗。已经建立了许多改善5-FU活动的策略,其中之一是使用联合疗法[
22-
24]。在常见的临床实践中,5-FU与白细胞,伊立曲霉或奥沙利铂的组合已显示出这种药物活性的改善[
25这是给予的However, side effects associated with 5-FU might hamper the effort to treat cancer patients [
26]。With the aim of highlighting the hypothesis that GH could possibly enhance the 5-FU activity, the combinations of GH and 5-FU initiated by Hakim et al. revealed that GH can be a potential candidate to work synergistically with 5-FU [
12]。但是,其潜在价值的发现还不够,需要获取更多数据以揭示其收益。据我们所知,迄今为止,尚无实验证据表明,凝胶蜂蜜和5-FU在HT-29细胞中分别诱导凋亡的关联。然而,仅对凝胶蜂蜜的生物活性性进行了深入的研究。凝胶蜂蜜是一种众所周知的重要物质,廉价,相对无毒,在市场上易于使用。此外,自远古时代以来,就使用了其起源的蜂蜜。凝胶蜂蜜被认为是一种潜在的癌症疗法,具有降低可行性的各种癌细胞系,例如MCF-7,HCT-116,HEPG2,A549和HT-29 [
12,,,,
27-
30]。
许多在体外和体内的研究表明,单独的GH在通过GH治疗的癌细胞中观察到的显着抗增殖和凋亡作用[
13,,,,
27,,,,
28,,,,
30,,,,
31]。在癌细胞中,诱导凋亡是癌症治疗的有效策略。凋亡是一种程序性细胞死亡,专注于细胞死亡领域,涉及内在(线粒体依赖)或外部(死亡受体依赖)途径[
32-
34]。在凋亡的早期,磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)从细胞膜的内表面转向外膜[
35,,,,
36]。We demonstrated that the phosphatidylserine (PS) was translocated as early as 3 hours after exposing the HT-29 cells to the treatment. Interestingly, the combined treatment showed that the highest percentage of PS was translocated in cells. Even though the translocation of PS has been reported in reversible process [
37],我们的形态检查表明,与单一治疗相比,在联合治疗中处理的细胞具有越来越多的细胞的流动特征(图
5)。这些证实HT-29细胞患有细胞凋亡,不可逆。此外,我们在DNA碎片分析中的结果表明,GH和5-FU的组合增加了HT-29细胞中碎片的DNA。DNA碎片是在凋亡途径中发生的晚期过程之一[
38,,,,
39]。总的来说,这些发现进一步支持了以下观点:GH和5-FU的细胞毒性作用以及两种诱导的HT-29细胞中的凋亡的组合以时间依赖的方式。
治疗后24小时,HT-29细胞的荧光显微照片证据。接触治疗后的形态变化是典型的凋亡。A:可行的细胞,B:凋亡细胞,C:坏死细胞。箭头 () shows membrane blebbing—one of the characteristics of apoptosis. This was viewed using a laser confocal inverted microscope at magnification of 630X.
Analysis of phosphatidylserine externalisation in HT-29 cells via Annexin V and PI staining using a flow cytometer. Results are presented as means ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments.
*对照细胞和治疗组之间的统计显着性(p <0.05)。
DNA fragmentation of HT-29 cells after treatment with GH, 5-FU, and both. Results are expressed as percentages of cells stained by terminal dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL positive). Error bars represent means ± S.E.M. of the three independent experiments.
*对照细胞和治疗组之间的统计显着性(p <0.05)。
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